Palm kernel shells (PKS) are an abundant carbon-rich byproduct of the palm oil industry. This project utilizes PKS as a sustainable precursor to synthesize Carbon Quantum Dots (CQDs). These ultra-small nanoparticles exhibit high photoluminescence, low toxicity, and excellent biocompatibility. They are specifically engineered to track inflammation markers within the body, providing a low-cost and eco-friendly alternative to traditional heavy-metal-based quantum dots.
Palm kernel shells are pulverized and subjected to a hydrothermal carbonization process at high temperatures and pressures. This breaks down the lignocellulosic structure into carbonaceous nanoparticles. The resulting CQDs are surface-functionalized to enhance their targeting capabilities for specific biological markers, followed by purification via dialysis to ensure medical-grade quality.
This initiative focuses on the full-scale biorefining of palm processing residues. Instead of traditional simple oil extraction, the process utilizes palm fatty acid distillates and kernel cakes to produce a suite of high-value industrial materials. This includes bioplastics that degrade in soil within months and oleochemicals used in high-end cosmetics, maximizing the economic value of every part of the palm fruit.
The process utilizes microbial fermentation where specific bacteria consume the fatty acids derived from palm residues to produce PHA inside their cells. Simultaneously, catalytic transesterification pathways are used to convert the oil fractions into biofuels, while chemical fractionation isolates glycerin and fatty alcohols for personal care formulations.
After oil is extracted from the palm kernel, a solid fibrous residue remains, known as Palm Kernel Cake (PKC). This project focuses on the large-scale upcycling of PKC into a cost-effective alternative for livestock feed. PKC is naturally rich in protein and residual lipids, making it an excellent energy source. By utilizing these leftovers, farmers can significantly reduce feed costs while improving the sustainability of the meat and dairy supply chains.
The moist kernel leftovers are subjected to a drying process to prevent microbial spoilage. The dried cake is then ground and fortified with essential minerals and enzymes to improve digestibility for non-ruminants. Finally, the material is processed through an extruder to form durable pellets that are easy to store and transport for commercial farming operations.
